Reference Lists: Annals of the Association of American Geographers Style

The Annals of the Association of American Geographers (AAAG) serves as a standard for the citation style used by geographers. Its style is based upon The Chicago Manual of Style (Ready Reference Z253 .U69 2003). Instructions for authors submitting manuscripts to AAAG can be found at the association's website: www.aag.org. This page is intended to provide examples of references for the most commonly used publication types. These examples were selected from bibliographies in articles published in AAAG.

Journal Article:
Hanson, S. 1999. Isms and schisms: Healing the rift between nature-society and space-society traditions in
human geography. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89:133-42.
MacEachren, A. M., and M. J. Kraak. 2001. Research challenges in geovisualization. Cartography and
Geographic Information Science 28 (1):3-12.

• Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors.
• Year of publication. Use a period after the year.
• Article title. Capitalize sentence style, without quotation marks. Use a period after the title.
• Periodical title. Capitalize all significant words in the title (headline style) and italicize. No abbreviations are allowed.
• Periodical volume number. Issue number is optional unless the journal begins each issue with page 1. If the issue number is included, put it in parentheses. Use a colon after the number.
• Page numbers. Use a dash between beginning and ending number. Use a period after the page numbers.
• For online periodical articles, cite using this format. Add the URL and last date accessed.

Book:
Golledge, R. 1999. Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press.
NeuralWare. 1996. Using NeuralWorks. Pittsburgh: NeuralWare, Inc.
Newcombe, N., and J. Huttenlocher. 2000. Making space: The development of spatial representation and
reasoning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

• Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors.
• Year of publication. Use a period after the year.
• Book title. Capitalize sentence style and italicize. Use a period after the title.
• Edition, if other than first. Abbreviations are allowed, e.g. "2nd ed."
• City of publication. If two or more cities are listed on the title page, include on the the first in the reference. Include the state (2-letter postal abbreviation) only if the city may be unknown to readers or confused with another city with the same name. Use a colon after the city name.
• Publisher. It is not necessary to include "Company" or "Incorporated" in the name. Use a period after the name.

Chapter in a book/Paper from a conference proceeding:
Frank, A. 1987. Towards a spatial theory. In Proceedings: International Symposium on Geographic
Information Systems: The Research Agenda, vol. 2, ed. R. Aangeenburg and Y. Schiffman, 215-27.
Crystal City, VA: American Association of Geographers.
Mark, D. 1993. Human spatial recognition. In Human factors in geographical information systems, ed.
D. Medychkyj-Scott and H. Hearnshaw, 51-60. London: Belhaven Press.

• Chapter author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors.
• Year of publication. Use a period after the year.
• Chapter title. Capitalize sentence style, without quotation marks. Use a period after the title.
• Book title, preceded by the work "In". Capitalize sentence style and italicize the book title (but not the word In.) Use a comma after the title.
• Editors, preceded by "ed." Do not invert name order. Use a comma after the names.
• Page numbers.
• City of publication. If two or more cities are listed on the title page, include on the the first in the reference. Include the state (2-letter postal abbreviation) only if the city may be unknown to readers or confused with another city with the same name. Use a colon after the city name.
• Publisher. It is not necessary to include "Company" or "Incorporated" in the name. Use a period after the name.

Government document/Technical report:
Snyder, G. L., L. L. Patten, and J. J. Daniels. 1987. Mineral resources of the Mount Zirkel Wilderness and
northern Park Range vicinity, Jackson and Routt counties, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin
1554. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1983. San Joaquin kit fox recovery plan. Portland, OR: Region 1,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

• Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors. If no personal authors are named, use the agency name as author. The AAAG style sheet indicates that U.S. and U.K. may be abbreviated (use periods as shown here) but other country names should be spelled out.
• Year of publication. Use a period after the year.
• Report title. Capitalize sentence style and italicize. Use a period after the title.
• Agency Name and/or Series Title and Report number. Capitalize all significant words.
• City of publication. If two or more cities are listed on the title page, include on the the first in the reference. Include the state (2-letter postal abbreviation) only if the city may be unknown to readers or confused with another city with the same name. Use a colon after the city name.
• Publisher. Most, but not all, U.S. government documents are issued in Washington, DC by the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service(NTIS). However, some documents only have local distribution. Use a period after the name.

Dissertation or Thesis:
Morrell, S. H. 1971. The life history of the San Joaquin kit fox. Master's thesis, Department of Zoology,
University of California, Santa Barbara.
Pohlman, John Ogden. 1974. California's mission myth. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, University
of California, Los Angeles.

• Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors.
• Year of publication. Use a period after the year.
• Dissertation title. Capitalize sentence style and do not italicize. Use a period after the title.
• Dissertation or Thesis. Use the appropriate words to indicate the type of paper. Use a comma after the word.
• Institution. The full name of the department and college or university granting the degree. Use a comma after the name.

Internet site/Web page:
Crespi-Cladera, R. 1997. Determinants of ownership structure: A panel data approach to the Spanish case.
Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series. http://www.ssrn.com (last accessed 21
August 2003).
National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) NNDC climate data online.
http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/plclimprod/plsql/poemain.poe/ (last accessed 1 May 2003; access limited).

• Author(s). Invert the order of the first author's name (last name first, with a comma between last name and first initial), but subsequent authors' names are in normal order. Instead of first & middle names, use initials. Use commas between authors' names and a period after the list of authors.
• Year of publication (if known). Use a period after the year.
• Webpage title.
• URL
• Last accessed date, in parentheses. Enter dates European style -- Day Month Year, add notes about access limitations, if any.
• For online periodical articles, cite using the format for print journals and add the URL and last date accessed.

Last Update: December 12, 2005